Bach s Musical Gifts Bach Essay - 888 Words

There s nothing remarkable about it. All one has to do is hit the right keys at the right time and the instrument plays itself,† as spoken by the famous composer johann seb. Bach. And indeed, in his case, he was correct, a statement made in regards to Bach’s legendary musical gifts, whether it be his emotionally triggering music that broke all language barriers or his intense passion and drive that inspired Beethoven and Mozart. Born in 1685’s Thuringia, Germany into a family of musicians, Bach was destined to take up instruments a love of music from a very young age. Bach began his musical career playing the violin, but after his parents’ deaths, Bach was sent to an orphanage at age ten. He did not return to the practice and study of music until he was adopted by his eldest brother, Johann Christoph, a church organist, who housed Bach until he was fifteen. As he grew, his amazing soprano singing voice grew with him, helping him get into a school in Luneburg. However, when his voice changed and got deeper, he was forced to retreat back to violin. As time passed, Bach began to take jobs with royalty, his first being a musician for the court of Duke Johann Ernst in Weimar, occasionally filling for organists as well. Bach’s unique style of playing and composing enchanted many of those lucky enough to be in his presence. Some, however, disagreed. Later in his career, he began playing for churches; in one of them, his music taste clashed with the pastor, bringingShow MoreRelatedThe Restoration Of Baroque Music1628 Words   |  7 Pagesto baroque music, every note was to be heard. Bachs view of balance can be found in his sonatas written for violin and piano. They were originally meant to be 3-part Trio Sonatas, one part for the violin, and a part for each hand of the pianist. Because the Harpsichord is generally relegated to the rear of the sound spectrum, the violinist would overpower the harpsichord, making it sound as if it were a written violin solo. The same goes for Bach s sonata for flute (or viola) and harpsichord. ChoralRead MoreThe Baroque Period Essay884 Words   |  4 PagesMusic reached its peak of success between the 17th and 18th century. This time period is known as the Baroque period. Countless composers achieved immense success during this point in history, two of the most famous being, Johann Bach and George Frideric Handel. The first opera, oratorio, and cantata occurred during the Baroque period. Amazingly, most of the instruments used during the period, remain in use today. The Baroque period in music obviously played a tremendous role in the growth of musicRead MoreThe Baroque Period and Famous Composers Essays1249 Words   |  5 PagesThe Baroque Period and Famous Composers The baroque period was characterized by a heroic, dramatic and emotional theme. With well know names like Rembrant, Bach, Pennini, Caravaggio, Bernini, Tintoretto, Velasques, Poussin, Handel, and Rubens, the period produced many popular pieces of music and art. The art of the period was filled with movement, light versus shadow, and the use of the whole surface. The composers incorporated new ideas into their music such as different major and minorRead MoreBiography Of Felix Mendelssohn s The Mendelssohn Quartet 1506 Words   |  7 Pagesarts and music thru his ability to perform on the piano and violin, as well as painting. At the young age of nine, he made is public debut and during his childhood he had written five operas and eleven full orchestral symphonies. In the late 1810’s, Felix Mendelssohn took part in the Singakedemie Music Academy, where he wrote numerous pieces such as multiple violin sonatas, a cantata, two piano sonatas, and a short opera. In 1821, Karl Zelter took Mendelssohn to the port, Johann Wolfgang von GoetheRead MoreMozart And Beethoven s Musical Origins1651 Words   |  7 PagesHaydn began his musical career as a choirboy in Vienna up until the age of 17. Mozart and Beethoven’s musical origins are similar, both coming from families with musical backgrounds. Mozart’s father taught him and his sister before taking them to tour throughout Europe. Beethoven also studied with his father before receiving his study abroad opportunity in Vienna in 1792. After serving as a choirboy, Haydn found himself in need of a means to make a living. He was barely able to support himselfRead MoreMusic Is An Echo Of The Musician s Heart859 Words   |  4 PagesFirst of all, it is not really possible to determine what is music and what is not, unless one plays with the right motives. The goal for playing music should be to give G-d the glory and to praise Him in every aspect of one’s music, since music is a gift from Him. This should also be what is communicated through all music. Ephesians 5:18b,19b says, â€Å"Be filled with the Spirit†¦singing and making melody in your heart to the L-rd.† However, some musician (usually the younger ones) may hear such a statementRead MoreThe History of the Piano Essay1788 Words   |  8 Pagesmetal blades to produce notes and pitches. The clavichord could be manipulated to produce different chords, but even at its best, could barely be heard by anyone other than the player (Swan 42). Intent upon creating a superior to the clavichord, musical engineers created the harpsichord. The harpsichord used a frame similar to modern grand-pianos, but utilized a wooden bar and a quill to pluck strings (the jack), which amplified the sound of a clavichord greatly. Harpsichords were more expensive Read More The Degradation of Music for Mass Consumption Essay2979 Words   |  12 PagesDegradation of Music for Mass Consumption From the very first time that someone decided to experiment with a musical tradition, the cry has gone out that true, pure, and good music is dead to society, and that music itself is on a perpetual slide to oblivion. All apostrophe aside, this is a serious matter to consider. Music inhabits a significant place in all cultures. Musical style is very much a function of the Zeitgeist, reflecting the prevalent tone of the dynamics and pulse of a specificRead More Beethoven Essay2971 Words   |  12 Pagescharacteristics of life, and it is their realization that an experience of suffering, pure and profound, enters as an integral part into Beethovenamp;#8217;s greatest work, that helps to give that work its unique place in the minds and hearts of men.;(Marek, 634) These words of compassion come from J. W. N. Sullivan during Ludwig van Beethovenamp;#8217;s funeral. They express the regret and sense of loss felt by people all over the world as they caught news of his end. Beethoven was and is a cornerstoneRead MoreIn This Paper We Will Go Through The Development Of The2089 Words   |  9 Pageslearn or refresh our memories about Haydn’s background and history. Joseph Haydn was born in Austria in 1732 and died in Vienna at the age of 77 in 1809. He grew up in a poor family in Rohrau, Austria. Neither his father or mother had any formal musical schooling or knowledge. However, his father, Matthias Haydn, loved music and played the heart by ear. Haydn grew up learning to love music. He was then sent to Hainburg to study music under Joahnn Matthais Frankh, where he quickly learned to play

History of Healthcare and Economics Free Essays

This paper will discuss the history and evolution of healthcare economics and healthcare funding timelines. In the 21st Century healthcare has proven to be one the largest industries world. The healthcare industry has changed dramatically in the last hundred years. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Healthcare and Economics or any similar topic only for you Order Now As changes and progression are examined, it becomes clearer that healthcare and the economy it has created, is an important part of American life. The way the funds flow in the healthcare system allows financial managers to track the money through the health care system. The initial flow of funds has drastically changed throughout the years. The economics of healthcare, â€Å"the study of how scarce resources are allocated among alternative uses for the care of sickness and the promotion, maintenance and improvement of health, including the study of how healthcare and health-related services, their costs and benefits, and health itself are distributed among individuals and groups in society†, according to The journal of Mental Health Policy and Economy (2006). There are records as early as the turn of twentieth century that show that healthcare providers charged for services including surgeries such as tumor removal, appendectomies and gynecological operations. Services may have been exchanged for items such as livestock, food items, or cotton. The patient or his or her family may have exchanged services for patient care. No form of health care insurance was available; prices were not set by any organization or person. Physicians of the early twentieth century were tradesmen and essentially businessman. Patients paid the full price for the medical services offered by the physician. According to PBS (n. d. ), in the 1910’s some reformers argue that there should be some sort of health insurance. Although the idea seemed to have some support, many physicians and other interest groups did not approve. War World One took place in 1917 and for the moment healthcare reform was put on the back burner. The lack of technology and inadequate health centers raise the amount of cost needed for medical care. The current economic and war state of the country took priority over healthcare reform. General Motors offers life insurance for 180,000 workers through Metropolitan Life. The same time doctors’ wages increased. During the Great Depression, it became apparent that there should be some sort of benefits for individuals as they reached retirement age. Instead of health insurance, the Social Security Act was passed. During the Roosevelt Administration, many reformers pushed for health insurance again, but conflicts within the country once again pushed for health care insurance. Blue Cross started offering private insurance for hospital care in many states even though it was considered a bad idea by many insurance professionals. The timeline from the PBS (n. d. ), website in the 1940’s a radical reformation took place. War World Two wages were capped and controlled on American employers. Companies began offering health benefits to compete with other employers. This idea has sparked the employer-based system that is used by employers today. A Universal Healthcare plan is introduced by President Truman, but is never used. The American Medical Association (AMA) believes the plan is Communist in nature. As the Korean War approached, healthcare reform was once again a low priority. The government established a policy that would make the federal government responsible for sick poor. Many people in 1950’s can no longer afford health care insurance, especially those who do not work. The price of hospital care doubled. President Johnson signs Medicare and Medicaid into law. During the 60’s, more than 700 insurance companies are selling health insurance. During the 1980’s Medicare begins charging insurance by the diagnosis and not the treatment of the patient. Technology, vaccinations, medications, and a rise in hospital expenses raise healthcare costs tremendously. Medicare’s high expenditure rates and rapid inflation of the economy also affected the higher cost of healthcare. Health care has seen many changes over the past years, but all the changes have created the health care system and the economics of the system to this point. As the gross domestic product (GDP) , which is the total market of healthcare, started to increase annually, the private sectors of healthcare, government controlled entities, and insurance companies profit and change policies, which in turn increases the (GDP). An increase in population, aging population and communicable diseases such as Hepatitis, HIV, AIDS, and Tuberculosis has increased the cost of health care even in recent years. Small deductibles, low copayments, and employer-based healthcare insurance have molded the idea in many patients’ minds that the patient should use medical services often to â€Å"get what they pay for. † This has created an imbalance of supply and demand. There are numerous reports that there is a shortage of providers. Rapid training of Physician Assistants and Nurse Practitioners are being educated and trained to help fill the gap of the numerous amounts of patients that need medical attention. The elasticity in health care has forced changes to be made in healthcare billing and insurance. The increased amounts of patients that need medical attention have increased the amount of providers needed. The increased costs of healthcare, technology, research, drugs, and lack of funds available for Medicare have forced a price increase for patients. Many employers find it more difficult to provide costly insurance to employees. Elasticity of services might normally demand a decrease in price, but prices have been inelastic in nature. Elasticity can also have a direct impact on when the government intervenes to set a fair price for services according to Tutor2U (2006). The insurance companies play a huge role in determining the amount of money that is needed for medical care. Supply and demand differ so greatly in the health care community than any other service or industry, making supply and demand a very different story than simply buying milk or a computer. Macroeconomics is the branch of economics that deals with the economy as a whole, such as unemployment rates, deflation and inflation. Microeconomics deals with the insurance companies and other health care related aspects that are affected by the economy fall into a more specific category known as microeconomics. As the whole economy changes, families, patients and individuals must choose to make decisions based on the economy. Healthcare decisions within communities and household are examples of microeconomics. As advances in healthcare are introduced, government regulations are introduced and the economy faces multiple challenges in the future, healthcare will likely see more changes to come. How to cite History of Healthcare and Economics, Papers

PowerArchiver 2001 version 7.02 Essay Example For Students

PowerArchiver 2001 version 7.02 Essay pooCopyright(c) 1999-2001 ConeXware, Inc. All Rights ReservedForabrief description of PowerArchiver, see thefilePOWERARC.TXT. For a list of changes in this version, see the file WHATSNEW.TXT. For ordering information, see the file ORDER.TXT. ************************** Installation ************************* If you received this version of PowerArchiver on a floppy disk please follow the instructions on the disk label to install PowerArchiver. If you received this version of PowerArchiver in a EXE file format (POWARC70.EXE), you can install it as follows: 1. Select Run from the Taskbar Start menu 2. Type the full name of the file (for example,C:POWARC70.EXE) 3. Press the Enter key, and follow the prompts************************** DISCLAIMER *************************** This software is provided as is and is without warranty of any kind. The author of this software does not warrant, guarantee or make any representations regarding the use or results of use of this software in terms of reliability, accuracy or fitness for purpose. You assume the entire risk of direct or indirect, consequential or inconsequential results from the correct or incorrect usage of this software even if the author has been informed of the possibilities of such damage. Neither the author nor anybody connected to this software in any way can assume any responsibility. For more information see LICENSE.TXT. ************************* Requirements ************************** Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000, Windows XP or later* for using PowerArchiver Help you must have Microsoft Html Help Update* also on some Windows 98 system, PowerArchiver may have some problems if you have old RichEdit libraries. So youneed to update them. Those two updates are available at PowerArchivers homepage. ************************* Documentation ************************ For full documentation (help) press the F1 key at main PowerArchiver window. ************************* List Of Files ************************ The PowerArchiver v7.02 packageconsists of the following files: CABINET .DLLDLL required for working with CAB Archives POWERARC.TXTProduct overview POWERARC.CHMPowerArchiver help file POWERARC.EXEPowerArchiver main program PASHLEXT.DLLPowerArchiver Shell Extensions DLL FILE_ID .DIZPowerArchiver description for FTP sites LIBBZ2 .DLLDLL required for extracting/creating BZIP2compressed files LICENSE .TXTLicense agreement/warranty disclaimer ORDER.TXTOrdering information README .TXTIntroductory information REGFILES.EXEAssociates all files unassociated archives withPowerArchiver needed by PA installation TUTOR1 .ZIPPowerArchiver tutorial program UNACEV2 .DLLDLL required for extracting ACE Archives UNINST .EXEUnInstallation program UNRAR.DLLDLL required for extracting RAR Archives UNZDLL .DLLDLL required for unzipping VENDOR .TXTInformation for Shareware Distributors WHATSNEW.TXTList of changes in this version ZIPDLL .DLLDLL required for zipping Visit PowerArchivers Home Page.url ICONSfolder PAACE.ICOIcon for ACE archives PAARC.ICOIcon for ARC archives PAARJ.ICOIcon for ARJ archives PABH.ICOIcon for BlakHole archives PABZIP .ICOIcon for BZIP2 compressed files (.BZ, .BZ2, .TBZ, .TBZ2) PACAB.ICOIcon for CAB archives PAENC.ICOIcon for encoded files (.XXE, .UUE) EXE.ICOIcon for EXE files PAGZIP .ICOIcon for GZIP compressed files (.GZ, .TGZ, .Z, .TAZ) INSTALL .ICOIcon for SETUP.EXE and INSTALL.EXE files PAJAR.ICOIcon for JavaARchiver archives PALHA.ICOIcon for LHA archives (.LHA, .LZH) PA.ICOPowerArchiver Icon File PARAR.ICOIcon for RAR archives README .ICOIcon for Readme.* files PATAR.ICOIcon for TAR archives PAZIP.ICOIcon for ZIP archives PAZOO.ICOIcon for ZOO archives SKINSfolder BLUE.BMPToolbar skin GOLD.BMPToolbar skin LOCKER .BMPToolbar skin MATT.BMPToolbar skin EXPLORER.BMPToolbar skin POWERARC.BMPToolbar skin (default) SFXSfolder PARCSE .DATPowerArchiver Self Extracting File PABHSFX .DATSFX stub fo r BH archives PAACESFX.DATSFX stub for ACE archives PAARJSFX.DATSFX stub for ARJ archives PALHASFX.DATSFX stub for LHA archives PARARSFX.DATSFX stub for RAR archives If you did not receive all these files please contact me via electronic mail to emailprotected###################################################Words/ Pages : 1,174 / 24

Pc Hardware Servicing Course Structure Essay Example

Pc Hardware Servicing Course Structure Essay Apply Quality Standards |Applying of Quality Standards |Assess quality of received materials. |6 hrs. | | | | | | | | | | |1. . Assess own work. | | | | | | |6 hrs. | | | | |1. 3. Validate one’s work for quality | | | | | |improvement. |8 hrs. | | | | | | | | |Use of Hand Tools |2. Using Hand Tools |2. 1. Plan and prepare for tasks to be |6 hrs. | | | | |undertaken. | | | | | | | | | | |2. 2. Prepare hand tools. | | | | | | |20 hrs. | | | | |2. 3. Use appropriate hand tools and | | | | | |test equipment. |38 hrs. | | | | | | | | | | |2. 4. Maintain hand tools. | | | | | | | | | | | |16 hrs. | | | | | |100 hrs. |Grading Period |Unit of Competency |Module Title |Learning Outcome |Nominal Duration | | | | | | | | |2. We will write a custom essay sample on Pc Hardware Servicing Course Structure specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pc Hardware Servicing Course Structure specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pc Hardware Servicing Course Structure specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Use of Hand Tools |2. Using Hand Tools |2. 4. Maintain hand tools. |10 hrs. | | | | | | | | | | | | |2nd | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Terminate and Connect Electrical Wiring and |3. Terminating and Connecting of|3. 1. Plan and prepare for termination |40 hrs. | |Electronic Circuit |Electrical Wiring and Electronics|or connection of electrical wiring and| | | | |Circuit |electronic circuit. | | | | | |3. 2. Terminate or connect electrical | | | | | |wiring and electronic circuit. |50 hrs. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |100 hrs. | |3rd | | | | | | |3. Terminate and Connect Electrical Wiring |3. Terminating and Connecting of |3. 2. Terminate and/or connect |18 hrs. | |and Electronic Circuit |Electrical Wiring and Electronics|electrical wiring and electronic | | | | |Circuit |circuit. | | | | | |3. 3. Test termination / connections of| | | | | |electrical wiring and electronic |82 hrs. | | | |circuit | | | | | | |100 hrs. | |Grading Period |U nit of Competency |Module Title |Learning Outcome |Nominal Duration | |4th | | | | | | |3. Terminate and Connect Electrical Wiring |3. Terminating and Connecting of |3. 3. Test termination / connections of|10 hrs. | |and Electronic Circuit |Electrical Wiring and Electronics|electrical wiring and electronic | | | | |Circuit |circuit | | | | | | | | | |Install Computer System |Installing of Computer System |4. 1. Plan and prepare for |20 hrs. | | | | |installation. | | | | |4. 2. Install equipment, or devices and|50 hrs | | | | |system. | | | | | |4. 3. Conduct validation and testing. |20 hrs. | | | | | |100 hrs | Year Level |Third Year | |Grading Period |Unit of Competency |Module Title |Learning Outcome |Nominal Duration | |1st | | | | | | |Install Computer Network |Installing of Computer Network |1. 1. Plan and prepare for |40 hrs. | | | | |installation. | | | | | |1. 2. Install quipment/ device/|40 hrs | | | | |system. | | | | | |1. 3. Conduct validation and | | | | | |testing. | | | | | | |20 hrs. | | | | |100 hrs. | | | | | | | |2nd | | | | | | |Diagnose and Troubleshoot Computer System |Diagnosing and Troubleshooting of |2. 1. Formulate plans and |20 hrs. | | |Computer System |prepare for diagnostic | | | | | |procedures for computer | | | | | |systems. | | | | | |2. 2. Identify computer faults | | | | | |and other defects. | | | | | |2. 3. Replace and provide |38 hrs. | | | |remedies for the defective | | | | | |computer parts. | | | | | |2. 4 Test repaired computer | | | | | |system. |20 hrs. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |22 hrs. | | | | |100 hrs. | | | | | | | |3rd |3. Configure Computer System and Network |Configuring of Computer System and|3. 1. Arrange plan and prepare |30 hrs. | | | |Network |for configuration task. | | | | |3. 2. Configure the computer | | | | | |system and network. |70 hrs. | | | | | | | | | | | |100 hrs. | | | | | | |4th |3. Configure Computer System and Network |Configuring of Computer System and|3. 2. Configure the computer |66 hrs. | | | |Network |system and network. | | | | | |3. Analyze and try-out | | | | | |configured computer system and | | | | | |network. |34 hrs. | | | | | | | | | | | |100 hrs. | Year Level |Fourth Year | |Grading Period |Unit of Competency |Module Title |Learning Outcome |Nominal Duration | |1st | | | | | | |Maintain Computer System and Network |Maintaining of Computer System |1. 1. Plan and prepare maintenance |100 hrs. | | | |and Network |procedures. | | | | | | | |2nd | | | | | | |Maintain Computer System and Network |Maintaining of Computer System |1. 1. Plan and prepare maintenance |6 hrs. | | | |and Network |procedures. | | | | |1. 2. Maintain computer system and | | | | | |network. | | | | | | |94 hrs. | | | | | | | |3rd | | | | | |Maintain Computer System and Network |Maintaining of Computer System |1. 2. Maintain computer system and |94 hrs. | | | |and Network |network. | | | | | |1. 3 . Inspect and test computer system |6 hrs. | | | |and network. | | |4th | | | | | | |Maintain Computer System and Network |Maintaining of Computer System |1. 3. Inspect and test computer system |100 hrs. | | | |and Network |and network. | |

Free Essays on Wallpaper Maunfactor

The case study that I read about was dealing with a wallpaper printing equipment manufacturer. The name of this company was called Canwall and its located in Canada. Two guys from this company were sent over to a town north of Shanghai in the province of Jiangsu, China. The two guys that went over there were, Charlie Burton, who was the president of Canwall and Phil Raines, who was the marketing director. They were going to China to negotiate a sale to a new wallpaper production company. The Canadian company has never sold its equipment outside of its country and this was going to be it's first time. The two companies have been talking before they met for the first time. The manager of the Chinese company, Mr. Li, has been to the company in Canada and also one of Canwall's trade representatives has been over to China. When Burton and Raines got to China they had a warm welcome and were met by MR. Li and a chauffer. They were taken to their hotel and had a banquet later on th at night. After getting the red-carpet treatment they had a good feeling about the sale. The second day they were taken to see the sights nearby and when they came back in the afternoon one of the managers came up to them to tell them that they were going to a dance performance. Finally on the third day they started to talk about the sale. Then at the end of the day they went back to their room thinking they have the equipment sold. The next day they were asked again to explain what they said the day before in front of some new faces. Then after their farewell banquet they went home with a lot of issues unresolved and they ended up losing the sale to a company in Japan. I think the reason why they lost this sale was because there was a communication problem. Communication is the most important thing when you're dealing with sales. The person buying the product needs to know everything about their product they're buying. In this case study, the pers... Free Essays on Wallpaper Maunfactor Free Essays on Wallpaper Maunfactor The case study that I read about was dealing with a wallpaper printing equipment manufacturer. The name of this company was called Canwall and its located in Canada. Two guys from this company were sent over to a town north of Shanghai in the province of Jiangsu, China. The two guys that went over there were, Charlie Burton, who was the president of Canwall and Phil Raines, who was the marketing director. They were going to China to negotiate a sale to a new wallpaper production company. The Canadian company has never sold its equipment outside of its country and this was going to be it's first time. The two companies have been talking before they met for the first time. The manager of the Chinese company, Mr. Li, has been to the company in Canada and also one of Canwall's trade representatives has been over to China. When Burton and Raines got to China they had a warm welcome and were met by MR. Li and a chauffer. They were taken to their hotel and had a banquet later on th at night. After getting the red-carpet treatment they had a good feeling about the sale. The second day they were taken to see the sights nearby and when they came back in the afternoon one of the managers came up to them to tell them that they were going to a dance performance. Finally on the third day they started to talk about the sale. Then at the end of the day they went back to their room thinking they have the equipment sold. The next day they were asked again to explain what they said the day before in front of some new faces. Then after their farewell banquet they went home with a lot of issues unresolved and they ended up losing the sale to a company in Japan. I think the reason why they lost this sale was because there was a communication problem. Communication is the most important thing when you're dealing with sales. The person buying the product needs to know everything about their product they're buying. In this case study, the pers...

Capital Budgeting for Equator Ltd

Equator Ltd. is looking at expanding its operations into manufacturing tablet computers. The company has two options to consider from, one being Plant A which is highly automated and the other being Plant B which is more labour intensive. The cash inflow and outflow for both the options have been analysed using capital budgeting techniques, the results of which are presented below: Both the options have favourable results where the NPV is positive, IRR is more than the cost of capital and the payback period is within the project period. However, the company should go ahead with Plant A as it has higher NPV and IRR. Even though Plant B has lower payback period, but for mutually exclusive projects, the project with highest NPV followed by IRR is selected. Hence the company should go for Plant A. The cost of capital considered here is 13.35% as this the WACC used by the Computer tablet industry and hence is a better discounting factor as it takes into account all the risks associated with this project. The fixed allocation cost has not been considered in the analysis as it is not an incremental cost. The increased working capital is assumed to be recovered at the end of the project life for both the projects. There is risk inherent in a project because no one can accurately predict the future outcomes. It is due to the variability of the future cash flows of the project. Market risk – the economic growth rate is assumed to 5.5% for the project and the sales have been projected on the economic growth rate basis. However, if the economic growth rate does not take as projected, the analysis of the investment may go wrong i.e. if the growth rate decreases, the sales will decrease and the NPV will reduce (Drake, NA) Also there is a risk of a change in the inflation rate. An increase in the inflation rate may increase the operating costs, thus making the project less profitable. Project specific risk – The management may predict wrong cash flows for the project. If the prediction goes wrong, then the whole investment may go for a toss. Industry specific risk – an abrupt change in the industry specific regulations may increase the industry specific risk. Also technological advancement in the industry may increase risks. Like if a better product comes in the market than tablet computers, the market for tablets will decrease, thus causing loss to the company (Dontigney, NA) Company specific risk – this risk may arise due to company specific factors like change in the management of the company, any strikes or lock outs by the employees which may disrupt the operations of the company and thus the revenue might be affected. Efficient Market Hypothesis is a proposition that the stock prices in the market perfectly reflect the true value of the firm from the available information. The theory believes that no investor can gain from identifying undervalued stocks using technical and fundamental analysis. Any new information available in the market about the stock is immediately adjusted in the stock price and hence the stocks become accurately priced. Therefore all investors whether uninformed or experts will obtain the same rate of return (Malkiel, 2003). Also the theory believes that if any trader identifies a undervalued or overvalued stock, this will motivate the trader to undertake trading in order to make abnormal profits and in the process the prices of the stock will move towards the its intrinsic value, making the stock price efficient which reflects its fundamental value. Intrinsic value of a share is the present value of cash flows in the form of dividends and the cash flow from the sale of stock . There are three forms of capital market efficiency i.e. weak efficiency, semi strong efficiency, strong form efficiency. Under the weak form efficiency, it is believed the stock prices fully reflect all the past information of the security. Thus an analyst cannot make gains using technical analysis as it is based on past prices. Under semi strong form efficiency, the stock prices fully reflect all public information about the stock. Hence, traders with access to non public information can make abnormal profits. Under strong form of efficiency, the markets are very efficient and quickly react to the new information to adjust stock prices thus making it impossible for any investor to make excess profits. Capital markets are channels through which the idle funds of a potential investor are put into effective use. A company can raise funds through equity or bonds in a capital market. A company generally raises funds in a capital market for long term projects. It is very convenient for the companies to raise funds if the capital markets are efficient because efficient capital markets ensure the funds flow to the highest valued projects. The stock prices at which the stocks would be issued is determined by the market and the market ensures that the stock prices fully reflect the fundamental value of future cash flows. Thus, if the project of Equator Limited promises to maximise the shareholder value, the future value of all cash flows would be incorporated into the stock prices at which the company would raise the new capital. Also efficient markets enable the company to focus on long term projects instead of short term because the funds are easily available from potential investors for high value long term projects (Jones, Netter, NA) We see that tablet computer is a growing industry and hence the outlook for this industry is good. This will help the company in attracting capital easily as the investors would be willing to invest in an industry which has high growth prospects (Dudley, Hubbard, 2004). And moreover since the company is already an established player in the computer market, these will double the ease with which it can raise the funds. Drake, P., (NA), Capital Budgeting and Risk, accessed online on 22 nd January, 2017, available at https://educ.jmu.edu/~drakepp/principles/module6/cbrisk Dontigney, E., (NA), What Factors Increase the Riskiness of a Capital Budgeting Project? accessed online on 22 nd January, 2017, available at https://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/factors-increase-riskiness-capital-budgeting-project-26421.html Malkiel, B.G., (2003), The Efficient Market Hypothesis and Its Critics, CEPS Working Paper No.91 Jones, S.L, Netter, J.M., (NA), Efficient Capital Markets, accessed online on 23 rd January, 2017, available at, https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc1/EfficientCapitalMarkets.html Dudley, W.C., Hubbard, R.G., (2004), How Capital Markets Enhance Economic Performance and Facilitate Job Creation, Global Market Institute, Goldman Sachs

Supply Chain Management, Vertical Integration and Horizontal Research Paper

Supply Chain Management, Vertical Integration and Horizontal Integration of Business Structure - Research Paper Example There are two main issues that we need to consider when making a decision for the vertically integrated, these issues are control and cost. However, the cost feature relies on the cost of marketplace transactions among corporate versus the cost of administering similar activities within a single corporate. On the other hand, the next concern is the influence of asset control that is able to influence barriers to entry as well as that can make a certain collaboration of main value-adding players (Susan Crawford blog, 2010). According to (Clinton et al., 2008) there are a lot of advantages of the vertical integration that potentially a present reduction in transportation costs if general possession results in nearer geographic proximity. In addition, it enhances the supply chain coordination. Also, it offers additional opportunities to differentiate through augmented control over inputs. Since the vertical integration captures downstream or upstream profit margins. This also augments the entry barriers to potential business competitors, for instance, if the company is able to achieve sole access to a limited resource (Clinton et al., 2008). According to (Clinton et al., 2008), there are also various drawbacks those can negate some of the potential gains attained through vertical integration. The main problem is about the capacity balancing. For instance, the corporation can require constructing excess upstream capability to make sure that its downstream operations have enough supply beneath all demand circumstances. In addition, there is a problem of the potentially high costs because of little efficiencies consequential such as lack of supplier competition. Also, there is some decreased flexibility because of the previous downstream or upstream investments. Furthermore, there is some less capability to augment product diversity if major in-house development is needed.     Ã‚  

Sharia Law and International Commercial Arbitration and Enforcing Dissertation - 1

Sharia Law and International Commercial Arbitration and Enforcing Foreign Judgments - Dissertation Example The purpose of the study was to explore the possibility of a conceptual harmonisation of conventional and Islamic arbitration between parties in different countries. The dissertation commences with a review of the historical development of arbitration in Islamic countries under Sharia law, in order to gain an understanding of the manner by which aspects of arbitration are perceived by the Muslim faithful. The discussion proceeds along this line to the philosophy behind salient concepts in the Islamic faith, particularly those elements that are seen to be of greatest disparity with conventional concepts. After examining these differences specifically as they pertain to Saudi Arabian law, the accession of the Kingdom to the various international conventions governing arbitral judgments and awards, their recognition and enforcement, as discussed. From this vantage point, the likelihood of integration of international legal development and legal development under Sharia law is assessed. The paper concludes that conceptual and philosophical consistencies exist between both systems that could viably form the basis for a harmonised law – an international arbitration law embodying provisions that blend with Sharia principles, and the evolution of Sharia law to be consistent with international law. Acknowledgements Table of Contents Abstract 1 Table of Contents 4 7 Chapter 1: Introduction and Research Question 8 1.1Chapter Overview 8 1.2Background to the study 9 1.3Alternative dispute resolution systems 10 1.4Background of international commercial arbitration and award enforcement 11 1.5 Research objective and research question 14 1.6 Research methodology 14 1.7 Scope and Limitations 15 15 16 CHAPTER 2 16 Chapter 2: Development of Arbitration Law in the Islamic countries( Middle East) 16 2.1 Chapter Overview 16 2.2 History and Development in Middle East regional arbitration law 17 2.3 Conflicts between International Commercial Arbitration and Sharia law 22 2.4 Re conciliation of ICA with Sharia principles 32 2.5 On the possibility of harmonising Sharia principles with international arbitration law 34 2.6 Chapter Summary 36 37 CHAPTER 3 37 Chapter 3: Islamic Principles In Commercial Law and Arbitration 38 3.1 Chapter Overview 38 3.2 Islamic teachings related to business and commerce 38 3.3 The practice of Sulh 40 3.4 The Islamic principle of Ijtihad 41 3.5 The teachings of Islam with regard to arbitration 43 3.6 Arbitration in terms of the perspective of Sharia Law 46 3.6.1 Legality of Arbitration from the Quran 46 3.6.2 Legality of Arbitration from the Sunnah 48 3.6.3 Legality of Arbitration from the Secondary Sharia Sources 49 3.7 Enforcing foreign judgments and awards 50 3.8 Chapter Summary 52 54 CHAPTER 4 54 55 Chapter 4: Implementation of International Commercial Arbitration in Saudi Arabia 55 4.1 Chapter Overview 55 4.2 The acceptance by Islamic countries of the global system of arbitration 55 4.3 Arbitration in terms of the perspective of Saudi Law 57 4.3.1 The concept of Arbitration in Saudi Law and its Characteristics 57 4.3.2 International Commercial Arbitration in Saudi Arabia 57 4.4 Chapter Summary 59 Chapter 5: Synthesis of Saudi Arbitration Law and International Commercial Arbitration 61 5.1 Chapter Overview

Genetically Modified Food Should Be Limited Essay Example for Free

Genetically Modified Food Should Be Limited Essay Cigarettes and alcohol belong to the products with unhealthy substances which annually kill thousands people over the world. Many countries try to solve this global problem through the various campaigns or controversial advertisements. Governments attempt to make people conscious of all negatives of these products. However, this is not a case of genetically modified food. A lot of people are unaware of the content of genetically modified food, which they have been buying and eating every day for several years. New kinds of allergies or various types of diseases star spreading in some countries and a lot of people can not find any reason for getting them. Genetically modified food should belimited because of negative effects on environment, economy, people and society. Lack of information about genetically modified food causes that people do not have any possibility to make the same informed choice; therefore, this nontraditional food should have some limits. There are still a lot of people who have no idea about products which they buy and consume. When people go shopping to supermarkets, they can find great looking fruit, vegetable or meat; however, they can not see a label of GMF. For example, the US is one of the countries which do not require labeling. According to Britanny Shoot (2009), â€Å"the governmental and industry opposition to mandatory labeling has long been rooted in several arguments:† that production cost would be rapidly raised by labeling because of other monitoring of facilities; â€Å"that GM labels will signal safety or nutritional problems for consumers only accustomed to seeing nutritional information on labels and should therefore not be included† and that other labels â€Å"GM† and â€Å"GM-free† would be required. Therefore, production of genetically modified food should have some boundars if there are still countries in which people are not informed about this harmful food. Another point is that, genetically modified food could trigger a lot of different kind of diseases. When scientists have discovered GMF, it was progress in not only science but also sociaty. However, the first illnesses have appeared, since selling of genetically modified food spread over the world. For example, different kinds of allergies or cancers are the most dangerous diseases which could be caused by genetically modified food. According to Myron Stagman, PhD (2006), genetic modification avoid Evolution`s safeguard and can lead to growth of pathogens which often cause recorded, but unpublicized fatal disease epidemics. So people can suffer from some disease without consciousness that it could be caused by GMF. There is an untested virus gene in some GMF that could be toxic and harmful to not only people but also animals. (cited in Virus in GMF, 2013). Therefore, people could not be sure of effects of genetically modified food which they eat. In summary, this nontraditional food should not be without limits. It is also remarkable that genetically modified food could have negative effects on economy. There is a decrease in United State maize exports to the European Union from the beginning of production of GM crops. â€Å"Experts went a high of 2.8 million tons in 1995-96 to virtually nothing during 2000-01. That is a dramatic economic impact on U.S. farmers.† This is information from the source (C. Frompovich 2010). So production of genetically modified food could be slack and incapable to bring yield in some countries. GE crops, which are used commercially, do not support growth of the yield potential of a variety. They might even decline. â€Å"Perhaps the biggest issue raised by these results is how to explain the rapid adoption of GE crops when farm financial impacts appear to be mixed or even negative.† This is information from the source (GMF – renewed, 2008). Thus, genetically modified food should disappear from the market or be limited. Another claim is that genetically modified food may cause environmental dangerous changes. These shifts are related to not only people but also other organisms. An increased level of estrogen is caused by glyphosate, which is used in crops as resistance to weed. It could have harmful and long term effects on all mammals, including people which are very sensitive to the raised rate of estrogen. This is information from the source (Top 10 dangers of GMF, 2009). So, this nontraditional food can contain toxic substances which could cause to some animals harmful effects or deaf. According to Deborah B. Withman (2002), a lot of butterfly caterpillars die because of pollen from b.t. corn. The problem is that butterfly caterpillars which do not eat corn, but milkweed plants, could die because â€Å"pollen from b.t. corn is blown by the wind onto milkweed plants in neighboring fields.† Thus, genetically modified food and his production should be limited. However, the low cost of production and lower selling prices for more food stimulate a lot of people to consider this nontraditional food as the potential solution to the lack of food or even hunger. Therefore, there are still a lot of exponents, who believe that genetically modified food is very beneficial for human beings. While they can be right, there are still a lot of negatives of this controversial food. Some studies have shown that this nontraditional food can cause problems with human digestive system. The incorporation of some substances can interact badly with one another in food. In addition, GMF could cause poisoning, because the modification of certain genes could produce plant substances whichare difficult to digest at all. It is true that genetically modified food could be a solution of hunger and can help in case of the lack of food, but actually this nontraditional food could have several negative effects. Therefore, it should be limited because of negative impacts on humans, their health, environment and economy. It is usually good to invent something new but an advance for scientists do not have to be an advance for all humans. Reference Brittany Shoot (2009, November 25). GMO or No: Problematic Intersections of Religion, Biotechnology, and Food. Retrieved February 16, 2013, from Religiondispatches: http://www.religiondispatches.org/books/2018/gmo_or_no__problematic_intersections_of_religion__biotechnology__and_food__/ Stagman, M. Phd. (2006). GMO Disease Epidemics: Bt-cotton Fiber Disease. Retrieved February 16, 2013, from Portland: http://portland.indymedia.org/en/2006/08/344305.shtml Virus in GM food could be dangerous. (2013, February 8). Retrieved February 12, 2013, from Unknowncountry: http://www.unknowncountry.com/news/virus-gm-foods-could-be-dangerous Catherine J Frompovich. (2010, June 23). Economic Issues Surrounding Genetically Modified Foods. Retrieved February 15, 2013, from Infowars: http://www.infowars.com/economic-issues-surrounding-genetically-modified-foods/ Genetically modified (GM) foods renewed threat to Europe. (2008, December). Retrieved February 16, 2013, from Bangmfood:http://www.bangmfood.org/publications/4-short-leaflets/1-10-reasons-why-we-dont-need-gm-foods Top 10 dangers of genetically modified food. (2009, April). Retrieved February 15, 2013, from Invigorate306: http://www.invigorate360.com/reviews/top-10-dangers-of-genetically-modified-food/ Deborah B. Withman. (2000, April). Genetically Modified Foods: Harmful or Helpful? Retrieved February 15, 2013, from CSA: http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview.php.

Orwells such, Such Were The Joys....: Alienation And Other Such Joy :: essays research papers

Orwell's "Such, Such Were the Joys....": Alienation and Other Such Joys George Orwell expresses a feeling of alienation throughout "Such, Such Were the Joys...." He casts himself as a misfit, unable to understand his peers, the authorities placed over him, and the laws that govern his existence. Orwell writes, â€Å"The good and the possible never seemed to coincide† (37). Though he shows his ability to enumerate what is â€Å"good,† he resigns himself to a predestined state; uncertain of where exactly he fits in society, his attitude is irreconcilable with what he knows society expects of him. Orwell's childhood understanding of society forces him into only one possible direction, failure. This essay is the maturing Orwell's response to childhood subjugation, a subtle exposure to the evolution of Orwell's thought. Orwell's life as a boarding school student at Crossgates occupies his memory of childhood and serves as the platform for his views on life. Repeatedly Orwell describes the society of the school from which he is outcast: That bump on the hard mattress, on the first night of term, used to give me a feeling of abrupt awakening, a feeling of: ‘This is reality, this is what you are up against.' Your home might be far from perfect, but at least it was a place ruled by love rather than by fear, where you did not have to be perpetually taken out of this warm nest and flung into a world of force and fraud and secrecy, like a goldfish into a tank full of pike. (23) Young Orwell, impacted by this, â€Å"hard,† disorienting situation, realizes he is alone in a hostile, harsh environment. Orwell uses the image of the â€Å"warm nest,† a womb, from which the child is thrown, then innocently forced into a destructive reality. This reality is Crossgates, an educational institution but also a primary residence, the â€Å"home† Orwell lives in on a daily basis for a number of years. Far from the â€Å"love† of his familial home, Orwell finds that Crossgates does not nurture nor raise a boy to manhood, but rather destroys all that he loves and trusts. Hopelessly dominated in this environment, he is compelled to accept a mentality of insecurity and inferiority and becomes the fodder of others--the winners of society. Sim and Bingo, the spiritual and emotional guides of Crossgates, feed off of this pitiful mentality and their carefully constructed school environment. By the social standards that prevailed about me, I was no good, and could not be any good. But all the different kinds of virtue seemed to be mysteriously interconnected and to belong to much the same people.

Plea Bargaining

Plea bargaining is defined as the process of negotiating an agreement among the defendant, the prosecutor, and the court as to an appropriate plea and associated sentence in a given case. The advantage for the defense is that less work is required on their part and they typically receive the same amount of money in return. An advantage for the prosecutor is they get a conviction and can alter the sentence any way they see fit as well as maintain an acceptable conviction rate. The court system heavily relied on the use of pleas to keep the system moving. In cases involving a plea the judge is able to dispose of a case quickly and move on to the next. In terms of jails and prisons plea-bargaining can also reduce the amount of inmate entering the facilities as jail time may have been suspended as a condition of a plea bargain. For a guilty defendant, the advantages to a plea bargain are clear; either reduced charges or a reduced sentence. Sometimes a plea deal can reduce a felony charge to a misdemeanor, but thats only a advantage to the defendant. Many plea deals have resulted in a reduction of sentence for the defendant. One gain in the plea bargain system is the fact that the judge in the case does not have to accept it. The prosecution can only recommend the agreement to the judge, but he cannot guarantee that the judge will follow it. As far as the victim goes, plea bargaining can give them closure to go on with their life and receive the justice they seek. Some states have victims' rights law that require a prosecutor to discuss the terms of any plea deal with the victim of the crime before making the offer to the defendant. In my opinion, plea bargaining is acceptable because it saves the system a great amount of time, money and resources only if it was entered with full knowledge and willingness. Even though the defendant in the end may not get a sentence agreed upon by others, they still have to serve time for their acts of crime. Plea bargaining is simply accepted because it’s a quick alternative.

Principles

Airdrop is the act of extracting cargo out of the back of the airplane while the airplane is flying. The loaders section consists of 30 session ready airman. In order to accomplish this mission every member of the airlift squadron must remain current on all training items. Every six months there are a number of training events that must take place for every member. Without accomplishing each event, the member becomes â€Å"not mission ready† and this, in turn effects the entire squadron.In order to keep everyone mission ready, the chief loaders, Scams Ballard, schedules weekly flying for everyone in the unit. Each member can accomplish a limited number of tasks per flight, so in order to accomplish the entire list of acquirement, a member must fly nearly once every two weeks. This unit, being an Air National Guard unit has its limitations as most members have outside full-time jobs and have limited availability. This makes scheduling difficult for Scams Ballard because it is h is job to ensure everyone is mission ready.Managers abilities (Planning, Organizing, Directing, Controlling) â€Å"Planning is the logical thinking through goals and making the decision as to what needs to be accomplished in order to reach the section's, department's or organization's objectives. Organization is a matter of appointing individuals to assignments or responsibilities that blend together to develop one purpose, to accomplish the goals. It is supervising, or leading workers to accomplish the goals of the organization. The process that guarantees plans are being implemented properly is the controlling process (Trident University, n,d). Scams Ballard is a great manager and leader. He oversees 30 members of our unit in every aspect of the workplace. He delegates certain areas to other supervisors in the unit; like medical readiness, the seasoning training program, safety, and other areas. Scams Ballard plans the schedule for our nit so that everyone remains mission ready a nd readily deployable. Deploying overseas to help other forces is the most important aspect of our job. Scams Ballard also ensures that members who have been flying for a while help out the newest members.The squadron has yearly flight evaluations that must be planned and scheduled so that our unit can ensure everyone knows how to do their job the right way. Scams Ballard and 2 other high ranking members of our unit act as flight evaluators. If during a flight they feel that a member isn't being safe or doing their job correctly, he can immediately disqualify that member from flying. If a member fails his/her evaluation they must fly with an instructor and start the process of becoming re-qualified over a long period.Scams Ballard is also in charge of assigning annual training days for each member. In the Air National Guard, each member is required to have 15 days of active duty training (part of the one weekend a month and two weeks a year slogan). He notifies everyone that they ca n schedule those annual training days and everyone submits their requested days. He is in charge of ensuring everyone shows up on time and is available to accomplish squadron tasks. Department Issues There are a few issues in the department but the biggest area of concern is keeping everyone mission ready.Performing in-flight tasks is at the discretion of the member, as they are required to submit availability sheets to Scams Ballard, so that he knows when people are available. For example, if airdrops are only performed on Tuesdays and Thursdays and the member is only available on Wednesdays, it will be difficult to keep that person up to date. There are other areas, like computer based training, that everyone in the Air Force has to accomplish, but these are additional items on top of our light requirements that Scams Ballard must keep track of.A second issue is the availability of aircraft to perform required tasks. The airplanes at the squadron are nearly 20 years Old, and are s tarting to wear down. This means more time in the maintenance shop being fixed and repaired. The more time an airplane spends in the hangar, the less time members of the unit get to fly it. Principles This work was made in order to explain the principles of economics that is handled in society or a country. People, companies, the government and society must face a common problem: managing scarce resources. Scarcity means that society has limited resources and therefore can not produce all the goods and services that people want to have (unlimited wants). To address the shortage must choose between different alternatives available (go to the stadium or a party, buy a coat or a suit) . The economy is the social science that studies the choices that individuals, genuineness, government and society made to face shortages.It is based on ten principles grouped as follows. Objectives What kind of questions about the economy? How individuals make decisions? How do the Individuals? How does the economy as a whole? ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES The principles of economics are based on ten principles grouped as follows: Group 1: Principles that govern how Individuals make decisions. Else they want. M aking decisions is choosing between two objectives. If a student studies, it is leaving a few hours of sleep. If a parent buys food, you are not buying someone else's reduce.When they decide to spend an additional weight in a well, are having a weight less to spend on other goods or services. Individuals are grouped to form companies which also face these dilemmas. Example, buy more weapons for national defense or increase public spending to improve wages or offer better education. In developing an economic policy, society is faced with the dilemma between efficiency and equity, ‘e, thinning the most of scarce resources and the equitable sharing of the benefits of these resources among its members. 2 The cost of something is what is forgone to obtain it.As individuals face tradeoffs, making decisions should compare the costs and benefits of different alternatives. While determining a benefit is relatively obvious, appears equal to the event cost. Consider for example the decis ion to study (in college or high school). The benefits of this decision can be summarized as intellectual enrichment and a better employment opportunities after graduation. Among the costs have the monetary cost of tuition, fees, food, transportation, photocopying, books and materials that will address over the years of study, but in addition we must consider the use of time devoted to study.The valuation of this time corresponds to the higher salary that would have earned by working instead of studying. This is what is known as opportunity cost alternative higher value that is left to do to get something (in other words, what you give up is the cost of what we get). 3 Rational people think at the margin. Manama describes the desire for a rational person to buy a good as if it were based on the marginal surplus that person would bring an extra element. Manama points out the difference in value between water and diamonds.A marginal increase in the water supply of a person rarely invo lves a significant cost to that person. On the Usually the decisions that individuals make are not only two aspects, there is a range of possibilities. So a student does not choose between studying for a contest O hours or 24 hours a day, choose an intermediate time. These small additional adjustments to a plan of action are known as marginal changes. Individuals and companies can make better decisions thinking at the margin. A decision is rational only if the marginal benefit involved is greater than the marginal cost.Suppose that an airline must decide how much to charge passengers for a flight between Santiago and Miami. Suppose the round trip on a plane with a capacity of 200 seats is $ 900,000. In this case, the average cost per seat is $ 4,500. One might be tempted in this case to conclude that the airline should not sell tickets at prices below $ 4. 500. Sin But the airline can increase profits marginally thinking. Suppose the flight is about to leave with 20 empty seats, and suppose there is a passenger waiting to take the plane and is willing to pay $ 3,000 for it.Should the airline sell you a ticket? Of course you do. If the plane has empty seats, the cost of adding a passenger is negligible: although the average cost is $ 4,500, the marginal cost is simply the food that the extra passenger will consume. So, while the passenger was willing to pay more than the marginal cost, selling a ticket is profitable. 4 People respond to incentives. Individuals decide comparing costs and benefits, but their behavior may change if the costs and benefits change.Example, if you raise the price of a kilo of apples this becomes an incentive to buy pears. If the government maintains the fuel tax is an incentive to increase purchases of cheap cars. Group 2: Principles relating to the way in which individuals interact. Trade can improve the welfare of each individual. This is because there specialization. A family may decide to move in the field and build your home, gro w food, raise cattle, produce wool and leather to make clothing, etc. But not everyone has the skills to perform all those tasks which makes the action is inefficient.That's why there is trade (between individuals, businesses, countries) where each actor specializes in what it does best and this eventually leads to there being a greater quantity and variety of goods and services at lower cost as their production is efficient (so there Fats) 6. Arrests are a good way to organize economic activity. Currently the market economy has shifted to centralized economies, IEEE those in which the central government planning models determined what occurred, who did it, how much and who consumed him.The market economy involves the decisions of millions of individuals and businesses. People decide what to buy with their incomes and firms decide what to produce. These individuals and firms interacting in markets for goods and services where prices and self-interest guide their decisions. As stated in the above principle, the markets are good regulators of economic activity, over at times the state should intervene to promote efficiency and equity. This happens when â€Å"market failures† which are situations in which the market alone does not efficiently allocate resources are presented.Externalities and market power are two examples of market failures. Externalities are consequences that the action of an individual or company has on the welfare of another individual or company. Example is pollution; a company in the production process pollutes not try to decrease unless the State applies fines for polluting. Market power, meanwhile, is defined as the ability of an agent or a small group of them to significantly influence market prices. This is the case of monopolies, oligopolies, monopoly (ANSI, Arafat) and oligopolies (supermarkets who buy vegetables to farmers).Group 3: principles of how the economy works as a whole. 8 The standard of living of a country depends on its ability to produce goods and services. Productivity levels, IEEE, the amount of goods and services produced for each hour of work are key determinant of living standards of the countries. Thus, a country with high productivity will have more products and its people have more clothes, more DOD, more cars, etc. , which makes your standard of living is high compared to countries with low productivity where the supply of products is lower.This leads us to note that the growth rate of productivity of a country determines the growth rate of its average income. Obviously that productivity is not the only determinant of quality of life, but the most important. Others are public policies that foster education, technology acquisition, training of employees, etc. 9 Prices rise when the government prints too much money. A government decides to increase the amount of money when it is not able to solve TTS spending to revenues (taxes, patents, etc. , the problem is that this leads to inflati on, IEEE the increase in the general level of prices in the economy . A high and prolonged inflation imposes some costs on society, so keep at a low level is a goal of those responsible for the economic policy of a government (and worldwide). 10 Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. The inflation problem could be solved if the government reduces the amount of money in the economy, but the solution is not really as simple as closely (inversely) with inflation is unemployment.This is reflected in the Phillips curve: If the overspent decides to actually decrease the amount of money in order to reduce inflation, a general fall in prices (more lengthen the short term), resulting in a drop in occurs corporate income, if this happens, companies will seek to decrease their costs financial management conclusion In conclusion this work we did with the learning or understanding of economic principles which are governed in a country that are 10 principles to con sider in a given economy, we will see a summary of each of them, to know . People face tradeoffs. To have something, we usually sacrifice something else, either time, money or other sources. 2 The Cost of Something is what you give up to get. Everything has a cost and a benefit. Our decisions will compare these costs and benefits between the alternatives. Here comes the issue of opportunity cost, which basically refers to what you give up to get something else. 3 Rational People Think at the Margin. People make decisions by comparing costs and benefits in terms of margin.This involves knowing the benefits and costs of each decision alternative. 4 The People Respond to Incentives. Marginal changes in costs or benefits motivate people to respond. Then decisions will sake an alternative when the marginal benefit is greater than marginal cost. 5 The Exchange can make everyone better. People earn for their ability to exchange something for something else. This exchange allows people can specialize in what it does best. Markets are Usually a Good Way To Organize Economic Activity. In a market economy there is a relationship between the families and businesses. On the one hand families decide what they will buy and who will work for this and on the other hand businesses decide what will be produced and who will hire for this. 7 Governments sometimes can improve economic performance. When markets fail, the government can intervene to promote efficiency and equity.

Everything Changes Too Fast to Worry About It All Right Now

Everything Changes Too Fast to Worry About It All Right Now I received yet another email telling me how online promotion has changed. A message telling me how I need yet another podcast, book, or blog series about how to sell my book differently in order to do well. I deleted it. And Ill continue to delete them. . . for now. Because right now Im writing. Im into Chapter 8 for one book, and Chapter 6 in another. (Yes, for some strange reason Ive tackled two books at once.) I lay my head on the pillow at night purposefully with a scene in my mind so that my subconscious  will work out the kinks. I often pop awake with ideas. Or maybe I dont, but when I sit to write, more ideas still happen to flow. But study now about how to market a book that isnt close to being published? Nope. Delete. Delete. Delete. But were supposed to be marketing around the clock, if you read the gurus online. I swear there are more gurus than there are novelists. But Im deep into plot, sculpting dialogue, infusing the senses and depth into character. . . honing the twists. Im making magic. I have no time for lessons on becoming a salesman. No, Im not procrastinating. Really, Im not. Im making a conscious decision to conserve and preserve my talent and energies for the story. We learn a new language best from immersion into the culture. Where everyone and everything around us is about that language, and we are forced to adopt it, embrace it, and become fluent in it. Which doesnt happen when we are half one language and half another. Besides, per the emails I received just today, in reading just the subject headers before I deleted them, apparently Amazon Marketing has changed, BookBub marketing came up with new methods, and Facebook Advertising takes a new sort of deft hand to not lose your shirt. So why worry about marketing now when it will become a different animal Sometimes you just write.

Patient access, data mining and PHI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Patient access, data mining and PHI - Essay Example However, the primary concern about the system is its ability to support use by people at different levels including patients without compromising the confidentiality of the patients’ data. Interoperability in the IT system also forms the primary concern in the success of the health information technology in US. Interoperability is the ability of the systems and devices to share information and interpret the shared information. There is a need to agree on system standards for them to be interoperable at any level (Melvin, 2009). Health IT vendors in US use system that are not interoperable. One of the causes of interoperability problem is databases being unable to share the information with different types of applications (Vidyarthi, 2012). The system used by health IT vendor is in a proprietary format limiting access and transfer of information between the various providers. The model used in the systems is not standard, and they use different coded languages making it hard to share the needed health information. Even when there is sharing of information, terminologies used may be incompatible with applications used. The systems inability to share information effectively makes it very hard to address medical care fragmentation and solve error issues arising due to lack of necessary

Restaurant field experience report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Restaurant field experience report - Essay Example The beverage manager is responsible for preparing drinks orders for the entire day for dining service. I, therefore, managed beverage stock as required and ensured that they are paid for. The other major role that I had to take estimate how much beverage would be consumed on each day and place orders with the suppliers. Additionally, I had to check for fresh deliveries in order to maintain high quality. I also learned how to solve on clients complaints about the served drinks.As a receptionist, I was responsible for greeting guests, show them their tables and provide menus. I also provided customer service and deal with all inquiries in a courteous and professional manner, either via email or telephone. Additionally, providing information to guests on requests to ensure their comfort, safety and satisfaction were also a principal responsibility for me. During this period I learned to offer exquisite customer care service, to solve their inquiring and complaints made via email or tele phone. I also developed adequate communication skills and to be professional at all times while attending to guests.The efficiency of the kitchen of a restaurant rests on Expeditors. This is the person who is responsible for setting the pace and flow in the kitchen. On this post, I ensured that the orders made by guests were completed on time, according to the menu, and ensures they are in good quality for their satisfaction. I was also responsible relaying orders made to the kitchen.

What happens to the design object when it becomes a museum object Essay

What happens to the design object when it becomes a museum object - Essay Example The answer to these questions lies in the development of cognizant regarding the museum and how it impacts the value of the object Concept of Museum The Museum, as described above, is a place which is not only an artistically design building of different historical objects, but it may also have profound impacts on the people, who have interest in the history hidden behind the object2. The Museums are normally established with having social authority. The social authority refers to the perception that museum creates regarding the meaning and importance of the object. In depth and highly reliable research is required to place the object in the museum along with its exact history. The social authority also refers the social responsibility of the authority, who manages the museum objects along with its deep traces, so that the trust of the people must be maintained regarding the reliability of the history behind the object. The museum controls the ways of seeing3. 1 Controlling the ways may mean that the perception of the people regarding the object can be created or developed by the museum authorities through the way of presentation of the object along with the context of the history described with the object. The museum, as described above, creates its importance and validity. Museums are believed to be the places, where not only historical objects are gathered but their importance also increases. In other words, museum does not only gather the valuable objects but the value and the meaning of the object increase by gathering the objects under one roof. The museum’s artistic framework and design make it able to generate and spread the cultural knowledge that can change the value of the object. Moreover, the museum preserves the cultural heritage so the people from the new world can trace its history more interestingly and realistically4.. The value of the design object: Discoveries of different objects may always lead to the creation of new story of the pa st. Past has always left some signs to be remembered. The objects such as paintings, metals, clothes, skeletons, books, papers etc may be the representative of the past. The reason is that the people from the past are no more. Therefore, only their related stuff can help the researchers, as well as, those who take interest in the histories of the people who are no more. The importance of its history may be mixed with the histories of other objects. Therefore, the common eyes may not be able to catch its importance4. The increase or decrease in value of the objects by displaying the objects in the museum depends upon following different factors 2 1. Size of The Object The Size of the object matters a lot in terms of its importance in front of the common eyes. The reason is that the big pictures, objects can be easily captured by the eyes but the small objects along with thousands of different objects may be neglected because the eyes may not be able to catch the objects view. Therefo re, small objects if combined with other object in the museum may have low value in front of common eyes. On the contrary, the people who have high interest in the history of the particular times they may give high value to even the small objects as well. It can be explained with the help of the common example of museum of Australia 5. The histories behind the aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Ancestral provide different tales of the past6.3 2. Display Pattern Of the Object: The Museum’

Dippin Dots Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Dippin Dots - Research Paper Example In 1991, they established their dealer network. 1994 marked the year of their first international account, which was in Japan. In 1995, they opened a new production facility that was 32,000 feet in Paducah. The facility expanded by 20,000 feet in 1997 and the company earned a spot on Inc. Magazine's 500 list of fastest growing companies. In 2000, the first franchise opened and the company went to court against imitators. In 2001, Dippin' Dots came in third behind Baskin Robbins and Dairy Queen as far as number of franchises. In 2002, Dippin' Dots was ranked 112th on the Franchise 500 list, 69th on the list of Fastest Growing franchise companies, and number one on the New Franchise Company lists of Entrepreneur's Magazine. Dippin' Dots also becomes available at San Francisco Bay area McDonald's restaurants during the same year. The awards and high rankings continue through 2005. In 2006, the company was restructured and Tom Leonard became president of the company. According to Improvement Network (2008), "A PESTEL Analysis can be particularly useful for groups who have become too inward-looking. They may be in danger of forgetting the power and effect of external pressures for change because they are focused on internal pressures. You can use this technique for a large or a small group activity. PESTEL stands for Political, Economic, Social, Technical, Environment and Legislative. It is a strategic planning technique that provides a useful framework for analyzing the environmental pressures on a team or an organization." Political There are political concerns that companies like Dippin' Dots need to take into consideration when operating their companies. Two of the most important are regulators and politicians (Improvement Network, 2008). Economic There are also economic considerations for Dippin' Dots. These include world trends, trends in the countries and states in which the company operates, and industry trends (Improvement Network, 2008). Social There are social considerations Dippin' Dots must pay attention to. These include cultural change, the expectations of consumers, changing demographics, and changes in the structures and habits of families (Improvement Network, 2008). Technology Technological considerations for the company are pretty self-explanatory. The ice cream treat is based on technology that was before its time, so it must maintain that expertise and quality. The company also needs to look for new innovations in order to keep growing. Environmental There are also a number of environmental implications for the company to consider. These include cost implications, public opinion, and sites and locations (Improvement Network, 2008). Legal Legal considerations for the company vary according to the state, territory, or country the company is operating in. They must follow United States legislation and directives, for instance (Improvement Network, 2008). SWOT Analysis Strengths The company's biggest strength is that it has a completely unique product that its founder created on his own. The product is also very popular among consumers. Weaknesses The company's biggest weakness is that its product has to be stored at extremely cold temperatures. This makes it difficult to transport. It also makes it impossible to carry in supermarkets or sell for take-home consumption. Opportunities There is not a lot of room in

The Hotel Reservation System

The Hotel Reservation System Abstract The Riviera resort is a tourist resort. It is located in Greenwich, in the south east London of United Kingdom. This resort was established in 2000. This resort has 38 rooms with all the facilities. There are double, single and family rooms with attached bathrooms. There are indoor and outdoor games facilities with a swimming pool. Air-conditioned rooms too are available. Within a distance of a few yards the real maritime view is attractive for the tourist for enjoyment. As Hotel Riviera a customer based Company it is identified that providing an efficient customer service is a major factor that is considered in all customer based Companies, to remain competitive in the market. One major barrier to this is the manual system does not provide any facility for the Managers, Accountants and other employees to trace the routine details on time and provide a quality of service. Which ultimately lead to a lot of problems and inefficiencies? In the aim of solving these problems and making the company operate efficiently, the Hotel Reservation System with online Environment to Hotel Riviera System project was undertaken. In here this system was strengthen in web base access as well as with a Visual Basic component that was used to track the reservations done by the Employees each day. In this system the Administrators get the chance to view their routine details as well as the reservation details at the company. So the managers can get a good idea what sort of things they have to do in order to improve their business activities The benefits of the system are numerous. The system will help the company to operate efficiently by eliminating all the time consuming procedures and provide a better service to their Customers. Introduction Hotel Riviera Information The Riviera resort is a tourist resort. It is located in Greenwich, in the south east London of United Kingdom. This resort was established in 2000. This resort has 38 rooms with all the facilities. There are double, single and family rooms with attached bathrooms. There are indoor and outdoor games facilities with a swimming pool. Air-conditioned rooms too are available. Within a distance of a few yards the real maritime view is attractive for the tourist for enjoyment. To maintain the resort there are working thirty employees as Managers, Accountant, Supervisors, Cashier, Room boys, Servants, Cleaners, and Cookers. Everyday foreign and local guests visit and enjoy with the resort facilities. The resort owner is very happy about the success of his resort. Room Information 20- A/C and 18 Non A/C rooms. 12-Rooms with single bed facility A/C, 8 non A/C single bed rooms 10-Rooms are the double bed A/C and 8-double bed non A/C. Problem Identified Out of survey done by me, I found the numerous problems faced by the Owner and other employees of the company. The main drawback of their currently available system is that for many processes are very time consuming. So the company required a system that will produce out puts in on time. Also the time that takes to send services to customers are quite high. Next the company does not have an easy way to trace the reservation process. Introduction of the Current Information System The Resort is one of the famous resorts in United Kingdom which is currently doing everything in a manual way. Although if they have a number of computers even they dont have any computerized system. Their Guest and staff are facing lots of problems in their day today activities. So I proposed them to carry out their resort reservation system details in a computerized manner. These are the major functions/processes occurring which is manual way. Guest registration Room reservation Food order Payment calculations Functions of the Existing System Hotel has four departments: 1. Front office This department contains 2 employees: Receptionist and Front Office Manager. Main functions: 1. Request booking information 2. Confirm booking. 3. Cancel booking. 2. Kitchen department. This department contains 15 employees: Chief cook, Cooks, Supervisor, and Supplier for groceries Main functions: Prepare meals according to the guest preference. 2. Prepare food menu information. 3. Housekeeping department. This department contains 8 employees: House keeper, Record keeper Supervisor and Cleaners. Main function 1. Check the room availability information and pass to the front office. 2. Reservation of room. 4. Finance department. These departments contain 5 employees: Accountant, Manager, Finance Manager, Account operators Main Functions: 1. Calculate Guest payments. 2. Prepare invoices. 3. Salary functions. 4. Profit and loss analysis. Purposes and Objectives of This Project The proposed computerized system purposes and objectives are as follows. With the earlier system the customers had to idle till the receptionist filled all data. But, with the proposed system the customer related activities will be very quick and efficient. Less waste of resources, because only necessary data will be taken into Hard Copy out puts. In the manual system data duplication was happening frequently. But, with the proposed system data redundancy will be reduced to a great extent. Security measures will be introduced; therefore data is 99% accurate and reliable. The company can convert into new trends of technology and give a Better competition with its competitors. The company profitability can be increased because the cost that was incurred for maintaining the system will be cut down. Work load of the employee is lifted off. The proposed system requires only a computer therefore there is no need of large room space. There is no need of large storage cupboards because all data will be stored in one single database of the computer. The manual system did not have any back-up files, but with the computerized if any files have been missed up there is a back-up procedure to fix the problem. Issues of the Existing System The data is not long-lasting for this hotel due to the improper system:- The resort reservation System is maintaining their data and information in the files and some copies. So it is not secure for them. Not only that but it can destroy in a particular period. It can be misplaced somewhere. They have to buy the files and copies. So it is not proper system for them. It is time consuming :- Very important but this manual system is very slow and extremely time consuming. So that guest time also wasting. When more than one guest arrives in to the resort for booking, Receptionist cant manage with the short time. The checking process is very difficult in the guest departure time because, they cant easily find needed records in this manual system. The stationery costs are high :- There is a lot of paperwork to be done and lots of records of guest, cash books, room details, availability details etc. that have to be maintained, which makes it a very confusing job. Due to the large amount of paperwork that needs to be kept for later reference, there is also need for large storage space. Not only should there be space to store all the records but it should be stored in easy way to find the records and very high cost. It occupies lot of space to locate the file and difficult to search due to the different locations :- Currently, a large number of past and present guest and recruitment related information are stored in cabinets and racks. This way, files get dust collected and confidential papers get loose from the files with time. To maintain the paper in order, filing cabinets, stationary and employee is needed which comes with a cost. Some of these cabinets are kept inside the office congesting working areas and the others are kept in store rooms accruing valuable floor space. Calculation Process :- Also, the calculating process is very difficult such as customer charge calculation (food, Room, facility charges), the resort balance checking. In the manual system for every process there should be needed more workers. Not only cant they work accurately and in the correct. System Development Methodology I have selected the Water fall method model for developing a system for Riviera resort reservation because these models demand a systematic and sequential approach to software development. It presents a highly structured method of software development that starts at the system levels and progress. I am going to develop a resort reservation system which is more complex. This can be handled by using this methodology. And this model decreases the gaps between users and system developers and to increasing systems performance. Waterfall Model This is the most common and classic of life cycle models, also referred to as a linear-sequential life cycle model. It is very simple to understand and use. In a waterfall model, each phase must be completed in its entirety before the next phase can begin. At the end of each phase, a review takes place to determine if the project is on the right path and whether or not to continue or discard the project. Unlike what I mentioned in the general model, phases do not overlap in a waterfall model. Waterfall Life Cycle Figure 1.1 Reasons for selecting waterfall methodology for Hotel Riviera Works well for smaller projects where requirements are very well understood. Easy to manage due to the rigidity of the model each phase has specific deliverables and a review process. Good progress tracking due to clear development stages Phases are processed and completed one at a time. It is suitable for real time and critical system Suitable for small and large size projects. Simple and easy to use. System Requirements Functional Requirement To develop a fully tested Guest update, Room update process, it is asked that the application should allow the user to add, edit find details and handle payments. To accomplish this, it is required to create Access VB (Visual Basic) forms. It necessary to maintain reservation file, guest file, order details files payment file including registration fee in the database. So it is asked to design the necessary interfaces using VB to fulfill the above requirement. To fulfill the above requirements I have created a fully tested reservation system from the knowledge that I have on VB Access. I assumed that resort reservation system need to computerize the reservation process and I have directed my efforts and created a program which is coming out here. Front end Welcome Screen: Welcome screen with user verification facility. This screen will allow the user to type user name and password. This user name will be common for Administration members and another username and password for Manager. Registration of new users: This system should allow registering new users from this organization. Adding details to database: When a Guest comes to register, the system will be added his details to database. Such as name, address, designation, passport number, age, sex and nationality etc. Calculations: Calculations in the system will be found out the due amount. The due amount will be calculated from the requirement the reservation form. Rooms details: Details of rooms can be found in their database. And the system should be able to record their information. The system should assign unique number for each room and allow the user to enter details such as room number, room type, rate and status etc. Banquet details: Banquet reservation also is another function of this resort. So details of banquet can be found in this system. Also the system should be able to record their information. Such as banquet no, location and charges. Engineering details: When customers reserve a hall for a function, they can be found what are the engineering facilities available in this resort for doing that function. Such as Sound system, Overhead Projector and Desktop computer. Foods details: Details of foods also can be found in this system with charges to customers to decide their favorite foods. Such as Egg w/ rice, Spaghetti, Chicken Salad, Coke (Medium) and Fried chicken w/ rice etc. Liquor details: Hotel Riviera has a big bar for their customers. So liquor details are very important for this system. Mainly it should be included description of liquor, price and expiry date. Details of pools: There are two types of pools available. One is adult pool and another one is child pool. Details of pools are most essential for this system. Order details: When purchase orders are made by customers or guests, presently all of them are filed and placed into drawers. But it will be great if the hotel can save those details in the system and be able to retrieve them later if required. Order details will be included ordering meals, and ordering liquor. Room reservation: This requirement is the hearth of this entire system. It is for the purpose of fulfilling requirement that most of the above requirements are met. Fulfilling this requirement will be the key solution in the system to be developed. Once this requirement is successfully tackled, the older access registry room will become obsolete. This system should be able to record details of room reservation number, guest ID, room number, reservation date, date reserved, length of stay, and status. Banquet reservation: This requirement also a very important function of this system. This resort is doing not only the room reservation but also the banquet reservation for their customers. This part should be included banquet reservation no, reservation date, client name, address, contact no, date reserved, starting time, finishing time and status. Search The ultimate purpose of any database system its functionality to support retrieval of data in a way it is expected. This is the case here also. If any reservations details are required, the system will be allowed to find the details from related database and make reservation using search function. Printing facilities Staff should be provided full functionality to printing relevant documents when they needed. Reports In this computerized system, reports will also be a part and parcel they are the means that help get printed outputs here. Staffs should be allowed to run reports and get prints. Common functionality requirements The system will be having a Multiple Document Interface (MDI) through which all the screens and reports can be reached. Colors to be used in the screen should be consistent. Blue with black will be interesting to see. Also buttons on window should be placed in the top of the screen. One window should be used for generating reports i.e. the user should be able to run reports one by one within one window. It can be by clicking on a button, using menus or shortcuts keys. Calendar with one month displayed; whenever there is a need for entering dates, the user should be given facility to pick it from a calendar. Short cut keys should be assigned to expedite the data entry work. There user should be allowed to backup the database to a certain location. This practice ensures the safety of updated data. Printer will be connected to one PC and others will share the printer. Non-Functional Requirements Although these requirements are not directly with the system to be developed, they are very important factors to take into consideration for the development and successful implementation of the system. Under this section I identify non functional requirement within the projects scope. Product Requirement Usability and Efficiency: Since the earlier version of Visual basic (6.0) is going to be used, performance will be high and it is very fast. The system should be very much easy to handle. Reliability: User should easily understand about the system. And they will find it very much handy. Portability: Database should be maintained with much care and give the database to that system in correct format. Operational Requirement Security: database access should be prevented from sight. In addition it should be impossible to access certain parts of the system without the proper logon procedure. This requirement should be strictly enforced at the log on single window or feature under this section. User Friendliness: The system should not be possible for a non- authoritative user to enter a single window or feature under this section. Interoperability: No other system could be intercepted while this system is running on the machine. Software Requirement for Implementation For the development of the new system, the following software packages are recommended to be used. Microsoft Visual basic (6.0) for the interfaces program coding. Visual basic data project will be used for the creation of this system. Is the data Environment, Data list control, Data combo Control, Data grid control, Microsoft- Calendar control and Date time picker control, etc. Microsoft Access 2003 as database back end. Crystal Reports 8.5 for the creation of reports. All the reports will be called within Visual Basic using the Crystal Viewer ActiveX control. Software Tools are Needed to Developed the New System Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 Microsoft Word 2007 Microsoft Visio 2003 Microsoft Access Adobe Photoshop CS Hardware Requirement for New System The reservation system to computerize their reservation system, a computer system needed the following minimum requirements. Processor : 400 MHz RAM : 128 MB Hard Disk : 4 GB VGA : 32 MB Monitor : 14 Operating System : Windows 2000/xp Software : Microsoft Office 2000/xp Floppy Disk Drive : 1.44 MB 3.5 Summary This chapter provided a detailed description on why Hotel Riviera Needs a web and Visual Basic based System and how online room reservation and computerized reservation System solved the problems they are currently facing with the requirement analysis. Next section gives a detailed description about the system. System Analysis Introduction The tools of a system analysis, which are known as fact-finding methods, are found in the scope of the business application and its end users. Therefore these methods and techniques should be applied efficiently for finer and better results. There are many reasons for fact finding during systems development life cycle, but the most important time is when its system development has begun its basic stages. During the beginning stage the analyst must do the current system, which is being currently used. During these stages, the analyst must gather information on the requirements of the end user. Then when the system designing gets on the way, the analyst must gather, the following:- Facts about report formats. Input methods. Information about the organization. Goals and aims of the organization. Organization structure. Objectives and reasons of functional units. Information about the people. Authority and responsibility of relationship. Job duties. Information about the work. Tasks and workflows. Methods and ways for performing the work. Work times and limits. Information about the work environment. Resources available. Proposed System Descriptions The scope of my project is only reservation. So, Room, facility, needed food booking is will be included in this project. The processes will be started from check in and finished with the check out. Between, these two actions there are some processes available. Those are selecting the wanted room with facilities and food, advance payment; store the guest details, reservation details, charge calculation, payment settlement and report creation. Sometime there maybe cancellation process includes. In this system there will be receptionist, guest, cashier and supervisor involved. The receptionist will operate some the booking process of this application. The guest will select his needed suitable. Cashier will handle all calculation and payment processes. The supervisor will create the reports to the management. The detail information about this computerized Resort Reservation system is included in the DFD ER diagram. In this system my aims is to make the resort reservation System. This is fully secure and fully computerized Features of the New System Handling Customer Details Room reservations Banquet reservations Backup facilities Stores data permanently Security Cancellations Handling Rooms Details Making Payments Features like Update, Searching, Deleting, Editing Record etc Generating different kinds of report. Added Solution to Implement the New System The Data is not long-lasting due to the proper system Even if it is an important data which is been kept in a file, which is not secured, It can be misplaced somewhere. Not only will that it destroy in a particular period. So computerizing the manual system it will be stored in the Database to the computer, so which is more secured. And also we can take the Backup for safety. It is time consuming When the data is in a document, which is inside a file, it is very hard to get the necessary details in that particular time. To search the file it will take some time because they have to see the file page by page. After computerizing the manual system it will be much easier to retrieve the data quickly, this will increase the productivity of Resort reservation system. The stationary costs are very high When the data is maintained in a file or any kind of documents the stationary cost like pen, papers, ruler and files. Deleting, updating and editing also will affect the stationary cost. So after computerizing the manual system we can bring down the cost of stationary, which will economy. If a particular file is lost then the whole data will be loosed If a file is lost then every data regarding that resort information will be loosed which is a big blow for the Resort reservation system. It can happen very easily in this Resort. So we can protect the data by implementing this system. Because we can store the data in a particular database which is more secure. No one can steal any record file because they will have their own login. Without knowing password no one can enter in to the computer. Even they have a back up system. It is not possible to get the necessary Data with in a given time As the data is maintained in a file as manual it is impossible to get the data in a given period. If they want to get particular data then they have to seek one by one page. After computerizing all the data it can be retrieved quickly with the help of Query. So it is making easy to work Calculate the payment very Also, the calculating process is very difficult such as Guest charge calculation (food, Room, facility charges), the resort balance checking. In the manual system for every process there should be needed more workers. Not only cant they work accurately and in the correct time. After that computerizing make easy to work Checking process When more than one guest arrives in to the resort for booking receptionist cant manage with the sort time. The checking process is very difficult in the Guest departure time because, they cant easily find the needed records in this manual system Check Room or banquet availability .after that computerizing easily identifies the room or banquet availability Summary This chapter presented information about the tools of a system analysis, which are known as fact-finding methods, are found in the scope of the business application and its end users and feasibility study about this entire system whether which is accepted or not. Also discussed regard features of this system and value added solution for their earlier systems issues. System Design Criteria Introduction In this part, I have discussed why it is important to have a design method when developing systems. Name and explain some strategies for generating design solutions, simplifying design decisions, evaluating designs, and terminating the search for alternatives, the purpose of design models and the principal categories of design models and summarized some differing perspectives on the nature of design Data Flow Diagram (DFD) Data Flow diagrams are a network representation of a system. They are the corn store for structured system analysis and design. The diagrams use four symbols to represent any system at any level of details the four entities that must be represented are: Data flows: movement of data in the system Data stores: data repositories for data that is not moving Processes: transforms of incoming data flows to outgoing data flows External entities: sources or destinations outside the specified system boundary The DFD shows how, through analyzing data flows, a systems internal processes interact with each other, how the system interfaces with its environment, how the system is partitioned into interacting sub-systems, how an existing or a proposed system can be described in a top-down manner. Existing system data flow diagram 0th level Figure 3.1 0th level Data Flow Diagram Figure 3.2 1st Level Data Flow Diagram Figure 3.3 2nd level Data Flow Diagram for Payment process 2nd level Data Flow diagram for report generation Figure 3.5 Data dictionary for proposed Hotel reservation system Data stores Name Description Number Owner Customer details Store the Customer details 1 Administration Payment details Store the Payment details 2 Administration Room details Store the Room details 4 Administration Banquet details Store the banquet details 5 Administration Bar details Store the bar details 3 Administration Pool details Store the pool details 6 Administration Restaurant details Store the restaurant details 7 Administration Table3.6 External entity Name Description Type Total occurrence Guest Describe the customer who are booking the room and banquet Person 1 Management Describe the management of Hotel Department 1 Table 3.7 Data processes Name Description Input from Output into Logic summary Administration process Check the room and banquet order. guest hotel When the guests come to the hotel, the administrator section receive the booking order then check whether the room are available or not, after that, reserve it for the particular guest. Payment process Provide the card to the management guest guest Collect the money from the guest, when they leave from the hotel. Room process Handle the room details. guest guest Keep the room details, bed details and other equipments details. Check the room, if there is anything damage, collect the details, and remove from the room and replace it another. Banquet process Handle the banquet details Keep the banquet details, standard equipment details and additional equipment details. Bar process Handle the bar details Keep the bar details, such as drinks items, chips items. If it is finish, order them. Pool process Handle the pool details Keep the pool details Restaurant process Handle the restaurant details Keep the food items Report generation Handle all the report All the details Report generation Keep whole hotel details and when the administration ask the report, get the print out and give it to them. Table 3.8 Data flow Name Description Source Destination guest details Represent the guest details Guest administration process payment details Represent the payment details Guest Payment process room details Represent the room details Guest Room process bar details Represent the bar details bar process administration process banquet details Represent the banquet details banquet process administration process pool details Represent the pool details pool process administration process Restaurant details Represent the restaurant details restaurant process administration process Check restaurant details Represent the checking restaurant details Restaurant process administration process Table 3.9 Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) Normalized ERD for the proposed system Figure 3.10 Relational Table Normalization Normalization is the process of efficiently organizing data in a database. There are two goals of the normalization process: eliminating redundant data (for example, storing the same data in more than one table) and en